Norovirus
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Norovirus o virus tipus Norwalk és un gènere de virus ARN de la família Caliciviridae, causant aproximadament el 90% dels brots de gastroenteritis no bacteriana arreu del món[1] i responsable del 50% dels brots de gastroenteritis per intoxicació alimentària en EUA.[2][3] Norovirus afecta a les persones de totes les edats i és transmès per aliments contaminats per aigües fecals i per contacte orofecal. [4]
Després de la infecció, la immunitat al norovirus generalment és incompleta i temporal.[5] Hi ha una predisposició hereditària a la infecció i les persones amb tipus de les quals de sang pot detectar-se en la saliva són més sovint infectats. [1][6] mentre que les persones amb grup sanguini 0 o AB [7][8]
Els brots de norovirus sovint es produïxen en comunitats tancades o semitancades, tals com hospitals, presons, residències i creuers, on una vegada que el virus s'ha introduït, la infecció es propaga molt ràpidament, ja sigui per transmissió persona a persona o a través d'aliments contaminats.[9] Molts dels brots de norovirus es deuen a la manipulació d'aliments per una persona infectada.[10]
El norovirus és fàcilment eliminat per desinfectants basats en clor, però degut al fet que les partícules de virus no tenen embolcall de lípids, és menys susceptible a alcohols i detergents.[11]
Referències
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Lindesmith L, Moe C, Marionneau S, et al. «Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection». Nat. Med., vol. 9, 5, 2003, p. 548–53. DOI: 10.1038/nm860. PMID: 12692541.
- ↑ Widdowson MA, Sulka A, Bulens SN, et al. «Norovirus and foodborne disease, United States, 1991–2000». Emerging Infect. Dis., vol. 11, 1, 2005, p. 95–102. PMID: 15705329.
- ↑ «Norovirus: Technical Fact Sheet». National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.
- ↑ Goodgame R «Norovirus gastroenteritis». Curr Gastroenterol Rep, vol. 8, 5, 2006, p. 401–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-006-0026-4. PMID: 16968608.
- ↑ Lindesmith L, Moe C, Lependu J, Frelinger JA, Treanor J, Baric RS «Cellular and Humoral Immunity following Snow Mountain Virus Challenge». J. Virol., vol. 79, 5, 2005, p. 2900–9. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2900-2909.2005. PMC: 548455. PMID: 15709009.
- ↑ Hutson, AM; Atmar RL, Graham DY, Estes MK «Norwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type». J. Infect. Dis., vol. 188, 1, 7-2003, p. 176–7. DOI: 10.1086/375829. PMID: 12825190.
- ↑ Le Guyader FS, Krol J, Ambert-Balay K, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Desaubliaux B, Parnaudeau S, Le Saux JC, Ponge A, Pothier P, Atmar RL, Le Pendu J «Comprehensive Analysis of a Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Outbreak, from the Environment to the Consumer». Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 48, 3, March 2010, p. 915–20. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01664-09. PMC: 2832421. PMID: 20053852.
- ↑ «Binding of Norwalk Virus-Like Particles to ABH Histo-Blood Group Antigens Is Blocked by Antisera from Infected Human Volunteers or Experimentally Vaccinated Mice». Journal of Virology.
- ↑ Noda M, Fukuda S, Nishio O «Statistical analysis of attack rate in norovirus foodborne outbreaks». Int J Food Microbiol, vol. 122, 1–2, 2007, p. 216–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.073. PMID: 18177970.
- ↑ Koopmans M, Duizer E «Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem». Int. J. Food Microbiol., vol. 90, 1, 2004, p. 23–41. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7. PMID: 14672828.
- ↑ Jimenez L, Chiang M «Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus». Am J Infect Control, vol. 34, 5, 2006, p. 269–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.11.009. PMID: 16765204.
Bibliografia
- Marshall JA, Bruggink LD «Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus». Clin. Lab., vol. 52, 11–12, 2006, p. 571–81. PMID: 17175887.
- Wilhelmi de Cal I, Revilla A, del Alamo JM, Román E, Moreno S, Sánchez-Fauquier A «Evaluation of two commercial enzyme immunoassays for the detection of norovirus in faecal samples from hospitalised children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis». Clin. Microbiol. Infect., vol. 13, 3, 2007, p. 341–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01594.x. PMID: 17391396.
- Morillo SG, Timenetsky Mdo C «Norovirus: an overview». Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira (1992), vol. 57, 4, August 2011, p. 453–8. PMID: 21876931.
- http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16722551.000-ive-lost-my-appetite.html
- Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, et al. «Norwalk Virus Shedding after Experimental Human Infection». Emerging Infect. Dis., vol. 14, 10, October 2008, p. 1553–7. DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.080117. PMC: 2609865. PMID: 18826818.
- Heijne JCM, Teunis P, Morroy G, et al. «Enhanced Hygiene Measures and Norovirus Transmission during an Outbreak». Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 15, 1, 2009, p. 24–30. DOI: 10.3201/1501.080299. PMC: 2660689. PMID: 19116045.
- Hedberg CW, Osterholm MT «Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis». Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 6, 3, 1993, p. 199–210. PMC: 358282. PMID: 8395330.
- Parashar UD, Monroe SS «"Norwalk-like viruses" as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks». Rev. Med. Virol., vol. 11, 4, 2001, p. 243–52. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.321. PMID: 11479930.
- Schuffenecker I, Ando T, Thouvenot D, Lina B, Aymard M «Genetic classification of "Sapporo-like viruses"». Arch. Virol., vol. 146, 11, 2001, p. 2115–32. DOI: 10.1007/s007050170024. PMID: 11765915.
- Ramirez S, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S, Colomba C, Martella V, Arista S «Genotyping of GII.4 and GIIb norovirus RT-PCR amplicons by RFLP analysis». J. Virol. Methods, vol. 147, 2, 2008, p. 250–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.09.005. PMID: 17953996.
- Vinjé J, Green J, Lewis DC, Gallimore CI, Brown DW, Koopmans MP «Genetic polymorphism across regions of the three open reading frames of "Norwalk-like viruses"». Arch. Virol., vol. 145, 2, 2000, p. 223–41. DOI: 10.1007/s007050050020. PMID: 10752550.
- Noel J, Fankhauser RL, Ando T, Monroe SS, Glass RI «Identification of a distinct common strain of "Norwalk-like viruses" having a global distribution». J. Infect. Dis., vol. 179, 6, 2000, p. 1334–44. DOI: 10.1086/314783. PMID: 10228052.
- Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA «Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b». Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 46, 3, 2008, p. 413–20. DOI: 10.1086/525259. PMID: 18177226.
- Shirato H «Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens». Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 64, 2, 2011, p. 95–103. PMID: 21519121.
- McCartney SA, Thackray LB, Gitlin L, Gilfillan S, Virgin Iv HW, Colonna M «MDA-5 Recognition of a Murine Norovirus». PLoS Pathog, vol. 4, 7, 18-07-2008, p. e1000108. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000108. PMC: 2443291. PMID: 18636103.
- Clarke IN, Lambden PR «Organization and expression of calicivirus genes». J. Infect. Dis., vol. 181 Suppl 2, 2000, p. S309–16. DOI: 10.1086/315575. PMID: 10804143.
- Prasad BV, Crawford S, Lawton JA, Pesavento J, Hardy M, Estes MK «Structural studies on gastroenteritis viruses». Novartis Found. Symp., vol. 238, 2001, p. 26–37; discussion 37–46. DOI: 10.1002/0470846534.ch3. PMID: 11444031.
- Jiang X, Tan M, Hegde RS «The P Domain of Norovirus Capsid Protein Forms Dimer and Binds to Histo-Blood Group Antigen Receptors». J. Virol., vol. 78, 12, 2004, p. 6233–42. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.12.6233-6242.2004. PMC: 416535. PMID: 15163716.
- Tan M, Huang PW, Meller J, Zhong WM, Farkas T, Jiang X «Mutations within the P2 domain of norovirus capsid affect binding to human histo-blood group antigens: evidence for a binding pocket». J. Virol., vol. 78, 6, 2004, p. 3201. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.6.3201.2004.
- Cao S, Lou ZY, Tan M, Chen YT, Liu YJ, Zhang ZS, Zhang XJC «Structural Basis for the Recognition of Blood Group Trisaccharides by Norovirus». J. Virol., vol. 81, 11, 2007, p. 5949–57. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00219-07. PMC: 1900264. PMID: 17392366.
- Chadwick PR, Beards G, Brown D, Caul EO, Cheesbrough J, Clarke I, Curry A, O'Brien S, Quigley K, Sellwood J, Westmoreland D «Management of hospital outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to small roundstructured viruses». J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 45, 1, 2000, p. 1–10. DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0662. PMID: 10833336.
- «Norovirus at Norfolk hospitals: Disruption continues». BBC News, 12-01-2012.
- Shieh Y, Monroe SS, Fankhauser RL, Langlois GW, Burkhardt W, Baric RS «Detection of norwalk-like virus in shellfish implicated in illness». J. Infect. Dis., vol. 181, Suppl 2, 2000, p. S360–6. DOI: 10.1086/315578. PMID: 10804149.
- Rydell GE, Kindberg E, Larson G, Svensson L «Susceptibility to winter vomiting disease: a sweet matter». Rev. Med. Virol., vol. 21, 6, November 2011, p. 370–82. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.704. PMID: 22025362.
- Nordgren J, Kindberg E, Lindgren PE, Matussek A, Svensson L «Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak with a secretor-independent susceptibility pattern, Sweden». Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol. 16, 1, January 2010, p. 81-7. DOI: 10.3201/eid1601.090633. PMID: 20031047.
- Kapikian AZ «Overview of viral gastroenteritis». Arch. Virol. Suppl., vol. 12, 1996, p. 7–19. PMID: 9015097.
- Appleton H «Small round viruses: classification and role in food-borne infections ...». Ciba Found. Symp., vol. 128, 1987, p. 108–25. PMID: 3036438.
- «"Norwalk-Like Viruses" Public Health Consequences and Outbreak Management». Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports - Recommendations and Reports. US CDC, vol. 50, No. RR-9, 2001, p. 1-18.
- «Norovirus shuts wards and unit at three Sussex hospitals». BBC News, 11-01-2012.
Enllaços externs
- «Norovirus» (en anglès), Darrera actualització 20/03/2012. [Consulta: 11 abril 2012]. «Lloc web del National Health Services del Regne Unit»
- «Viral Gastroenteritis» (en anglès). CDC, 25-02-2011. [Consulta: 22 març 2013].
- http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/id_norovirusFS.html
- http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/pub/CruisingTips/healthycruising.pdf
- http://www.ligocyte.com/pipleline/pipeline.html
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16473426
- http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/id-mi/norovirus-eng.php
- http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/list_g_norovirus.pdf
- http://www.medworm.com/rss/search.php?qu=norovirus&t=Norovirus&f=infectiousdiseases&r=Any&o=d
- http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=calici